Extracurricular Factors Influencing the Development of Mathematical Literacy in Greece and Portugal: A Comparative Analysis of PISA 2022 Findings

Abstract Book of the 10th World Conference on Research in Education

Year: 2026

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Extracurricular Factors Influencing the Development of Mathematical Literacy in Greece and Portugal: A Comparative Analysis of PISA 2022 Findings

Dimitrios Sakkas, Sofianopoulou Chryssa

ABSTRACT:

Mathematical literacy occupies a central place among the skills that individuals in modern societies seek to develop. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the factors that influence its development. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the lack of resources for education negatively affects the development of students’ mathematical literacy in Greece by reducing the ability of teachers to support them effectively. To this end, a comparative analysis of PISA 2022 findings for Greece and Portugal was conducted, focusing on the extracurricular factors that influence the development of Greek students’ mathematical literacy. At the statistical level, a mediation analysis was performed using multiple linear regression. The comparison of PISA 2022 findings for Greece and Portugal is particularly interesting, as although they have geographical and economic similarities, they show divergent educational trajectories. With regard to OECD countries, Portugal has built an education system that achieves average student performance, while in Greece, low student performance is a chronic problem. Performance, educational equality, school climate, and resource indicators were examined. The research findings showed that the lack of resources for education reduces the ability of teachers to provide meaningful support to students, resulting in a deterioration of the learning process and low student performance. Improving the education system in Greece requires a strategy that makes addressing staff and infrastructure shortages a prerequisite for strengthening the school climate.

Keywords: Educational Resilience; Mathematical Literacy; Mediation Analysis; Multiple Linear Regression; PISA