Applying Scaffolding Theory in Outdoor Education: A Conceptual Framework for Supporting Self-Directed Learning under Diverse Learner Abilities

Abstract Book of the 11th International Conference on Research in Education

Year: 2026

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Applying Scaffolding Theory in Outdoor Education: A Conceptual Framework for Supporting Self-Directed Learning under Diverse Learner Abilities

Fang-Wei Lin, Lin Li-Ting

ABSTRACT:

Outdoor education emphasizes experiential learning and learner autonomy; however, substantial differences in learners’ abilities often create pedagogical tensions between “letting go” and maintaining instructional control. This study addresses a critical question: how can educators facilitate self-directed learning without losing pedagogical structure and safety in outdoor contexts?
Grounded in scaffolding theory, this study develops a conceptual framework for supporting self-directed learning in outdoor education. It integrates key concepts including the zone of proximal development, adaptive support, and gradual release of responsibility. The framework conceptualizes scaffolding as a dynamic and responsive process, in which instructional support is continuously adjusted based on learners’ abilities, task complexity, and environmental uncertainty.
Three core mechanisms are proposed: (1) differentiated scaffolding aligned with learner readiness, (2) situational adjustment of instructional control in response to environmental and task constraints, and (3) fading strategies that progressively transfer responsibility to learners. These mechanisms enable educators to balance autonomy and structure, thereby addressing the tension between freedom and safety.
This study contributes to bridging the gap between theory and practice in outdoor education by providing a structured yet flexible pedagogical model. It offers practical implications for designing learner-centered outdoor programs that accommodate diverse abilities while maintaining effective instructional guidance.

Keywords: Adventure Education; Motor Skill Acquisition; Ecological Dynamics; Skiing; Higher Education Physical Education