International Journal of Applied Research in Management and Economics

“Four Environment” Method of Leading Entrepreneurship

2025-08-04T04:13:09+00:00

In the contemporary landscape, genuine wealth stems from entrepreneurial ideas that align with moral, environmental, and economic dimensions, requiring a cohesive evaluation framework grounded in morality, science, and economic analysis. Esthetics serves as the creative bridge that balances rational and ethical principles, a dynamic exemplified by unicorn companies, whose value orientations demonstrate this interconnected approach as a key driver of global market leadership. The study examines the hypothesis by analyzing the value systems of 1,220 unicorn companies through mixed-methods research. The investigation focuses on how ethical, esthetic, and welfare considerations align with these companies' market leadership. Findings indicate a strong relationship between corporate success and adherence to universal humanistic values, fostering social development and equality. Ecological concerns occupy a significant position in these organizations' value hierarchies. The research reveals that entrepreneurs widely recognize both the imperative to generate socially impactful outcomes and the strategic importance of esthetic values in business. The study proposes the “4E Pyramid” (Economy, Ethics, Ecology, Esthetics), also termed the “Four Environment” pyramid, which represents the modern value hierarchy of unicorn companies as of November 2023. The framework demonstrates how entrepreneurial opportunities align with Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs. The findings suggest that businesses now position their activities as socially beneficial within the sustainable development paradigm while maintaining economic viability. This underscores the growing necessity of cultivating ethical and esthetic intelligence to emerge as market leaders in the evolving entrepreneurial landscape.

The Gender Pay Gap and Its Impact on Female Entrepreneurship: A Panel Data Analysis of Indian States

2025-08-25T03:19:37+00:00

The gender pay gap has been a prominent issue in India. Using panel data from the periodic labour force reports, this paper examines how the gender wage gap affects the female entrepreneurship rate in 36 Indian states and union territories across 2017 and 2024. The paper also focuses on factors such as working time for female entrepreneurs, female labour force participation rate, female unemployment rate, share of females in higher education and state-wise GDP using FGLS regression analysis. Additionally, in order to ensure accurate reporting and interpretation of data, diagnostic tests for multicollinearity, autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity were conducted. The results of the study revealed that there is no significant relationship between the gender pay gap and the female entrepreneurship rate in India, suggesting that income inequality for females does not directly correlate with the female entrepreneurship rate. However, the female labour force participation rate shows a positive impact, while working time, female unemployment rate and share of women in higher education depict an inverse relationship with the female entrepreneurship rate. The gender wage gap remains highly concentrated across states and formal sectors that are generally male-dominated, making it a less relevant factor for women entrepreneurs in India to consider, as they usually start small, informal businesses from home. Future policy implementations should provide access to finances like loans and credits for women, and awareness programs that encourage flexible working schedules and prevent gender-based stereotypes, essential for shaping female entrepreneurship decisions in India.

Impact of Natural Disasters on Economic Development: A Comparative Study Between Middle-Income and High-Income Countries

2025-09-02T05:15:08+00:00

Natural disasters usually slow down economic growth due to their numerous effects. The goal of this research is to investigate the impact of natural disasters on the GDP and HDI of high- and middle-income countries. For this reason, data from 20 countries, split into two groups: high-income and middle-income, over 25 years (1999–2023), were studied. The study used the Hausman test and the Breusch-Pagan Lagrange Multiplier test to figure out which model specification was best: fixed effects or random effects. Following that, tests for multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation were run, and the FGLS regression models were estimated based on the results. The regression results showed that natural disasters have a substantial adverse impact on the GDP growth of middle-income countries, but they don't have any effect on high-income countries. Natural disasters also have an enormous and detrimental impact on the HDI of middle-income economies. But this result doesn't fit with the high-income countries. Unemployment, education, and the size of the population are also important factors that affect the economic growth of high- and middle-income countries. The government and policymakers, especially in middle-income countries, can use these results to make policy decisions and give greater resources to certain areas to lessen the damage that a natural disaster may cause.