Relations Between Self-harm and Moral Emotions

Abstract

Self-harm constitutes a significant yet frequently underestimated public health and quality-of-life issue. It is characterized by a high prevalence across diverse populations, substantial economic and social costs, and a strong association with reduced life expectancy. The phenomenon is further complicated by the lack of clear definitions and classifications in diagnostic frameworks, which often fail to adequately distinguish between suicidal and non-suicidal self-harming behaviors. This study aimed to examine the relationship between moral emotions—specifically guilt, shame, and failure—and self-harm, with a particular focus on non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Data were collected from 92 university students using the Self-Harm Inventory questionnaire, with analyses exploring the frequency and types of self-harm, emotional triggers, and post-behavior emotional states. Results revealed a high prevalence of self-harming behaviors, with 50% of participants reporting engagement in such actions with at least moderate frequency. The most common forms included self-tormenting thoughts, scratching, hitting, and fasting. Key emotional triggers included feelings of failure, anger, sadness, and guilt, while post-harm emotions were dominated by relief, guilt, and sadness. Contrary to previous research, guilt was found to be as strongly associated with self-harm as shame, challenging assumptions that guilt serves as a corrective emotional force distinct from shame. Instead, both emotions were shown to contribute to a cyclical pattern of self-harm, driven by the gap between self-perception and ideal self-image. The findings underscore the critical role of moral emotions in self-harming behaviors, suggesting that interventions should not only promote healthier coping strategies but also address underlying issues such as perfectionism, self-criticism, and negative self-image. Future research should focus on disentangling the complex interplay between guilt, shame, and other moral emotions to develop more effective prevention and treatment approaches.